Fundamental issues - including shortage of high-quality data - threaten the AI boom

The ODI’s latest white paper, Building a better future with data and AI, is based on research carried out by the Institute in the first half of 2024. It identifies significant weaknesses in the UK’s tech infrastructure that threaten the predicted potential gains - for people, society and the economy - from the AI boom. It also outlines the ODI’s recommendations for creating diverse, fair data-centric AI.

Based on its research, the ODI is calling for the new government to take five actions that will allow the UK to benefit from the opportunities presented by AI while mitigating potential harms:

1. Ensure broad access to high-quality, well-governed public and private sector data to foster a diverse, competitive AI market;
2. Enforce data protection and labour rights in the data supply chain;
3. Empower people to have more of a say in the sharing and use of data for AI;
4. Update our intellectual property regime to ensure AI models are trained in ways that prioritise trust and empowerment of stakeholders;
5. Increase transparency around the data used to train high-risk AI models.

The ODI’s white paper argues that the potential for emerging AI technologies to transform industries such as diagnostics and personalised education shows great promise. Yet significant challenges and risks are attached to wide scale adoption, including - in the case of generative AI - reliance on a handful of machine learning datasets that ODI research has shown lack robust governance frameworks. This poses significant risks to both adoption and deployment, as inadequate data governance can lead to biases and unethical practices, undermining the trust and reliability of AI applications in critical areas such as healthcare, finance, and public services. These risks are exacerbated by a lack of transparency that is hampering efforts to address biases, remove harmful content, and ensure compliance with legal standards. To provide a clearer picture of how data transparency varies across different types of system providers, the ODI is developing a new 'AI data transparency index.'

Before the General Election, Labour’s Manifesto outlined plans for a National Data Library to bring together existing research programmes and help deliver data-enabled public services. However, the ODI says that first, we need to ensure the data is AI-ready. As well as being accessible and trustworthy, data must meet agreed standards, which require a data assurance and quality assessment infrastructure. The ODI’s recent research has found that currently - with a few exceptions - AI training datasets typically lack robust governance measures throughout the AI life cycle, posing safety, security, trust, and ethical challenges related to data protection and fair labour practices. Issues that needs to be addressed if the government is to make good on its plans.

Other insights from the ODI’s research include:

• The public needs safeguarding against the risk of personal data being used illegally to train AI models. Steps must be taken to address the ongoing risks of generative AI models inadvertently leaking personal data through clever prompting by users. Solid and other privacy-enhancing technologies have great potential to help protect people’s rights and privacy as AIs become more prevalent
• Key transparency information about data sources, copyright, and inclusion of personal information and more is rarely included by systems flagged within the Partnership for AI’s AI Incidents Database.
• Intellectual property law must be urgently updated to protect the UK’s creative industries from unethical AI model training practices.
• Legislation safeguarding labour rights will be vital to the UK's AI Safety agenda.
• The rising price of high-quality AI training data excludes potential innovators like small businesses and academia.